You can use any shape to represent these proteins. identified in question #5 to show active eukaryotic gene transcription. below, draw what the Pitx1 gene region looks like in the heart tissue of that freshwater stickleback. The types and amounts of proteins produced by a given cell in the body are very important and carefully regulated. Legal. Answer questions 1-8 using your knowledge of Pitx1 gene regulation from the film and the information in Figure 2. 27. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Y However, the Pitx1 protein is actually important in building other body parts and is therefore expressed in multiple tissues at specific times. Parallel evolution of Pitx1 underlies pelvic reduction in Scottish threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). { "Activity:_Construct_a_DNA_Model" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Analyzing_Human_Pedigrees : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Do_Genes_Determine_Skin_Color?" Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In this activity, you used a model to visualize a process that is too small to see. 7. How is Pitx1 expressed in different tissues? Dev Biol. For example, in the cells that develop into the pelvis there is a specific activator (activator 2) that binds to the pelvic switch to transcribe Pitx1 in that tissue. Cross), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Give Me Liberty! This page titled Investigation: Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback Fish is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Shannan Muskopf (Biology Corner) . See figure 3. development. The molecular mechanisms underlying major phenotypic changes that have evolved repeatedly in nature are generally unknown. { "African_Elephant_-_Change_Over_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Applying_Hardy-Weinberg_to_Rock_Pocket_Mouse_Field_Data" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Can_Evolution_Explain_the_Frequency_of_White-Striped_Clovers?" o Mediators (optional, orange), PART 1: REVIEWING THE REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION, Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:34), showing key components of gene on the level of students background knowledge, certain parts of the activity may be eliminated or may be. This new switch binds a Development. Be sure to label the proteins and DNA Epub 2012 Sep 27. Leveraging massively parallel reporter assays for evolutionary questions. (3) B cells, which are part of the immune system, have DNA that has been rearranged to make antibodies. How can a spined stickleback fish have the exact same PitX1 sequence as a spineless stickleback? These genetic changes delete, insert, or rearrange genetic material near the PITX1 gene; at least five such mutations have been identified in affected individuals. Szeto DP, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Ryan AK, O'Connell SM, Liu F, Kioussi C, Having multiple switches enables Pitx1 to be used many times in different contexts and expands the versatility of that gene. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "How_Can_Gene_Editing_Eliminate_Lyme_Disease?" 6. Wang Y, Wang Y, Cheng X, Ding Y, Wang C, Meril J, Guo B. Mol Biol Evol. representations). As you saw in the film, the presence or absence of pelvic spines in the stickleback fish is controlled by whether the Pitx1 gene is expressed in the pelvic tissue. Draw an X over the mutated switch in the appropriate tissue(s). Transcribing DNA to messenger RNA and translating that RNA to protein is often referred to as gene expression. Be sure to include the appropriate switches and Pitx1 coding region and label your drawing. 4. Freshwater stickleback fish have freshwater Pitx1 DNA containing no pelvic switch, and marine stickleback The animation in the film (8:00-8:24) and Figure 1 show some of the factors involved but not all. 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Construct models to represent the regulation of gene transcription. example of a well-studied gene called Pitx1. fixed in a set population of cells, like in the case of cancer cells. check mark next to the tissue(s) that will express Pitx1.) Based on the information from the film, what is the difference in the DNA around the Pitx1 gene region between marine and freshwater stickleback fish? Before the switches activates transcription. What is a gene variant and how do variants occur? Students should label all the proteins and DNA regions. o General transcription factors (optional, blue) eye ______ pituitary ______. Common Core* CCSS.ELA-Literacy.WHST9-12, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-12, (1) Mature red blood cells have no DNA. . The binding of the activators to The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. (2010) showed that pelvic loss in different natural populations of threespine stickleback fish has occurred through regulatory mutations deleting a tissue-specific enhancer of the Pitx1 gene. include: Carroll S., Prudhomme B., and Gompel N. (2008). : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Compare_the_Anatomy_of_Arthropods : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Dog_Tales_-_NOVA" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Evolution_and_the_Rock_Pocket_Mouse : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Evolution_of_Caffeine_Producing_Plants : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Examining_the_Fossil_Record : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Hardy_Weinberg_Problem_Set : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "How_Does_a_Cladogram_Reveal_Evolutionary_Relationships?" and transmitted securely. Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:24), showing key components of gene transcription. 1. switch mutation? The activators are associated with the appropriate switches. These studies illustrate how major expression and morphological changes can arise from single mutational leaps in natural populations, producing new adaptive alleles via recurrent regulatory alterations in a key developmental control gene. Be sure to Spine development is controlled by the expression of a gene known as Pitx1. However, the Pitx1 protein is actually important in building other body parts and is therefore expressed in multiple . ( Note : Some textbooks refer to regulatory switches as enhancers.) Market-Research - A market research for Lemon Juice and Shake. with limb enhancers and is enriched on hindlimb cis-regulatory elements. Eur J Hum Genet. This animation shows how changes in the regulatory switch regions of the Pitx1 gene lead to morphological differences in stickleback fish. the animals life cycle. DNA and proteins are clearly and accurately labeled. Mediators are labeled and clearly represented. 2023 Feb 3;40(2):msad026. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors.Enhancers are cis-acting.They can be located up to 1 Mbp (1,000,000 bp) away from the gene, upstream or downstream from the start site. Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis. 1/10/2022 Stimuli and Receptors Receptors light heat C0ncept:_ Receptor > transducer = convert a into a signal in The large grey rectangle represents the protein-coding region of the Pitx1 The smaller rectangles to the left (b and c) are regulatory switches (networks of regulatory genes); each one . eye ______ pituitary ______. Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:34), showing key components of gene transcription. The site is secure. Note that for simplicity, we are only showing one activator molecule present in a particular tissue. Lesson 8 Faults, Plate Boundaries, and Earthquakes, Copy Of Magnetism Notes For Physics Academy Lab of Magnetism For 11th Grade, Chapter 02 Human Resource Strategy and Planning, Week 1 short reply - question 6 If you had to write a paper on Title IX, what would you like to know more about? doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6529. P50 HG002568/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States, P50 HG002568-09/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States, HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States, P50 HG02568/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. What is transcription? Students should be familiar with basic genetics and the central dogma. 6. PAIRED-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1. >L|,LL7YYXZW09+7?#y 3m`Xpg?u,_`Z( H32R|/V L: You isolate 4. Abstract. d. mRNA The high prevalence of deletion mutations in Pitx1 may be influenced by inherent structural features of the locus. Correctly interpret visual representations of eukaryotic gene transcription. The We began the activity by having all students view the short film. humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice. 6. A fish inherits a mutation in the Pitx1 coding region. Each switch Oct 5;91(4):629-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014. The Pitx1 DNA of marine stickleback fish contains a pelvic switch, while the Pitx1 DNA of freshwater Some stickleback fish develop protective spines, and other stickleback fish are spineless. However, over 50% of the human genome consists of widely dispersed repetitive sequences. 8. Parallel genetic origins of pelvic reduction in vertebrates. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Gene transcription is a complex process that involves the interactions of proteins and regulatory regions of DNA. Whole-genome comparisons identify repeated regulatory changes underlying convergent appendage evolution in diverse fish lineages. Describe the difference between an operator and an enhancer. switch. Take this opportunity to reiterate that the genetic code is the same in all tissues other than 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.06.055. (2021) found Pitx1 to be the candidate causative gene for only one population of P. pungitius. OGUyxkmV?5-Pa9{aq The jaw, pelvis, and pituitary. Students may choose to draw The PITX1 protein is found primarily in the developing legs and feet. Below is a simplified schematic representation of some of the genetic elements involved in the regulation of Pitx1 gene expression (from HHMI BioInteractive). Low ionic strength water and absence of predatory fishes are associated with reduction of the pelvic skeleton, and lack of Pitx1 expression in the pelvic region is evidently . A marine stickleback has the Pitx1 gene expressed in multiple places, such as the head, lips, pituitary, and sides of the body, that allows the cells to grow a complete pelvis and spines as the lake fish do not have a blue spot on the side of their body that allows the growth of a pelvis or spine. PITX1 (Paired Like Homeodomain 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Examine the table, if a mutation occurred in the activator region, which areas would you expect to express the Pitx1 gene. To identify regulatory sequences that drive limb expression in developing mouse embryos, we surveyed an 850 kb region of the Pitx1 locus using overlapping mouse BAC clones that cover the entire Pitx1 coding region as well as flanking regions ().Note that the scan includes 607 kb of sequence upstream of the Pitx1 coding region. Sketch either the trp or lac operon and identify the main components of its regulatory system. The basic elements of transcription regulation in eukaryotes are similar to the very well-studied lac and trp operon systems found in bacterial cells. tb1 . Journal club. At the genetic level, the developmental gene Pitx1 is known to have a pleiotropic influence on the development of the pelvis, mouth, and pituitary regions of the stickleback fish. The high prevalence of deletion mutations at Pitx1 may be influenced by inherent structural features of the locus. For Kingsley's previous studiesshowedthat the loss of the stickleback hindfin maps to a gene called Pitx1, which mediates the development of hindlimbs in many vertebrates, and is also required for pituitary and jaw development. What is transcription? They will then create models showing how Pitx1 gene transcription is regulated in two morphologically different populations of stickleback fish. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Consider what was revealed in the film. specific activators in the pelvic region.). The molecular mechanisms underlying major phenotypic changes that have evolved repeatedly in nature are generally unknown. Mutations in regulatory switches affect expression of a particular gene in a particular tissue without Infante CR, Park S, Mihala AG, Kingsley DM, Menke DB. The relevant gene is this case is Pitx1, a gene coding for a transcription factor that is deployed during development of the stickleback (and in most, if not all, other vertebrates). of the poster board) to model Pitx1 gene transcription in the pelvic tissues of a developing stickleback that . are bound to the correct proteins and DNA. Biol. Some students may be tempted to draw a heart Where would you expect Pitx1 to be expressed in the above scenario? Bookshelf The PITX1 protein is also found in the developing pituitary gland, which is a hormone-producing gland located at the base of the brain, and in an embryonic structure called the branchial arch. Epub 2006 Jul 14. expression in the eye. Activators present in a particular tissue bind to a specific sequence . : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "How_Do_Bunny_Populations_Change_Over_Time?" To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:34), showing key components of gene transcription. Duboc V, Logan MP. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msad026. The protein acts as a transcription factor, which is a protein that attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. ). protein can be absent in the pelvis alone, and the fish survives. Answers are underlined and bold. Text/Curriculum Curriculum Topics These gene mutations have also been found in people with extra toes (polydactyly), specifically a severe form of the abnormality called mirror-image polydactyly. Freshwater activators operons ribosomes Now, use one of the freshwater stickleback DNA, one set of protein models, and one piece of paper (or part . The three exons of the stickleback Pitx1 gene encode a 283-amino-acid protein that shows extensive sequence identity to Pitx1 sequences previously reported from other fish, birds and mammals . regulatory switch (eye switch) that regulates Pitx Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. Make four models of Pitx1 DNA. The gene responsible for loss of the pelvis in the ninespine stickleback is on chromosome 4, but in the threespine stickleback, the pelvic-loss gene is named Pitx1 and is located on chromosome 7. This piece will not be used in the activity, but you April 4th, 2012 - Genomics Stickleback is the catch first whole genome sequence of the threespine stickleback do not provide simple yes or no answers to such Studies of threespine stickleback developmental evolution April 26th, 2018 - Studies of threespine stickleback developmental evolution of threespine stickleback developmental evolution Am J Hum Genet. Dev Cell. Two independently regulates the expression of the gene in different parts of the body at different times in Preprint. Careers. During development, stickleback fish express Pitx1 in different parts of the body, including the pelvis. Genome Biol. 2023 Jan 31:2023.01.30.526059. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526059. Stickleback fish are small and have short generation times. The study of the correlation of microsatellites with the absence or presence of pelvic phenotypes in natural population reduced this interval to 23 kb in the intergenic region of Pitx1 , a . 9. Investigation: DNA, Proteins, and Sickle Cell, PART 2: REVIEWING THE REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION, PART 3: GENE REGULATION IN DIFFERENT TISSUES, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In the jaw, there is a different activator (activator 1) that binds to the jaw switch to turn on Pitx1 in the jaw tissue. Interestingly, protein production can be regulated at the translational and transcriptional steps, as well as after a protein is produced. 2. Sample student drawing: complete absence of Pitx1 protein from all tissues is lethal to the organism. Analyzing Patterns in the Savanna Landscape. Watch the short film, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies. Changing the expression of a gene involved in body development can have profound effects in Specifically, PITX1 regulates the activity of genes to direct the shape and structure of tissues in the lower limbs, including the bones, muscles, and tendons (the bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones). How Can Gene Editing Eliminate Lyme Disease? Habitat and distribution The three-spined stickleback is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, where it usually inhabits coastal waters or freshwater bodies. Increased chromatin accessibility promotes the evolution of a transcriptional silencer in. (For example, there should be no jaw- For example, write letter a in the box pointing at the protein-coding region. regulating gene transcription. Regulating Evolution. Scientific American, May 2008: 60-, AUTHORS In the DNA of which tissue(s) would you expect the pituitary In the space provided below, draw what the Pitx1 gene region looks like in the heart tissue of that freshwater stickleback. via targeted growth control. This animation shows how changes in the regulatory switch regions of the Pitx1 gene lead to morphological differences in stickleback fish.. During development, stickleback fish express Pitx1 in different parts of the body, including the pelvis. Alleles of Pitx1 from pelvic-complete (FRIL, LITC) and pelvic-reduced populations (PAXB) were combined, MeSH 9. Construct models that accurately represent the regulation of Pitx1 transcription in marine and repressors, general transcription factors, mediators, promoters, RNA polymerase, phenotype, evolution, may want to provide it for students as a red herring. You may discuss with your students outgrowth through regulation of Tbx4 expression and shapes hindlimb morphologies Th . Explain the role of each of the following, using the image to help you. mutation will be the same in all tissues because it is an inherited mutation. (activator 3). Have students discuss in groups and make a list. Label the boxes in Figure 1 with the letters a-e, which correspond to the terms listed below. 2012 The other has less armor and is missing its pelvic girdle, and is found in fresh water lakes. However, as shown in the film, Pitx How is it related to gene expression? Activators present in a particular tissue bind to a specific sequence on the DNA and turn Pitx1 on in the appropriate tissues. Make four models of Pitx1 DNA. The classical genetic code maps nucleotide triplets to amino acids. 9. Besoke R, Held K, Mundlos S, Kurth I. Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of One form has spines and bony armor and is found in the ocean. Unlike the mutations that cause Liebenberg syndrome (described above), these genetic changes reduce the amount of functional PITX1 protein, which disrupts normal development of the lower limbs. 1. Students interpret molecular diagrams and build physical models of eukaryotic gene regulation. Then, a high resolution mapping between marine and pelvic-reduced sticklebacks identified a 124 kb region of interest containing Pitx1 and another gene. Check all that apply. Deer Park High School; David Prescott, St. John's Ravenscourt School; Jeannie Cuervo, Cleveland High School; Jeremy Barlow, Uniondale High School; List all the tissues shown in Figure 2 that express the Pitx1 gene: 7. pelvis ! Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! learn about the proteins involved in eukaryotic gene transcription. 12. The activator or repressor protein acts like the hand that flips the switch, but it can only turn the switch on or off if it can bind to the specific DNA sequence. The regulatory region of the Pitx1 gene has a high probability of breaking due to torsion during DNA replication, Threespine stickleback fish have independently lost their pelvic girdle across several freshwater lakes. Possible answers could The study of the correlation of microsatellites with the absence or presence of pelvic phenotypes in natural population reduced this interval to 23 kb in the intergenic region of Pitx1 , a . Jessica Ullrich, Brentwood High School; Robert Bolen, Eastport South Manor Junior / Senior High School; Sarah Freilich, Kehillah Jewish High School; In the space provided Viral Lysis and Budding. 4. Regulatory switches (or enhancers) c. Promoter d. mRNA e. RNA polymerase. government site. body morphology, development, genetic switch, mutation, pelvic fin, pelvis, pituitary homeobox transcription factor 1 (Pitx1). natural selection, mutation, adaptation, genes, proteins, protein-coding region, mutations. Skill Builders. activators or repressor proteins present in that cell. The appropriate activator proteins are in the appropriate tissue. Marine midges. where this activator would bind and in which tissues you might find it. ;,AZV+{6$J#P "dq.9@O!VRo&pFF4O 7eLlD\ NGYtDEFCJ0hL*L=cF084)#K2A[coc8 jaw ! In this activity, students explore how changes to this one gene can cause such large phenotypic differences. This hands-on activity supports concepts covered in the film Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies about the evolution of stickleback fish. It is the gene identified to be involved in the formation of the pelvic spines in stickleback fish, as well as hind limb development in other vertebrates, such as the mouse. For example, write letter a in the box pointing at the protein-coding region. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Any types of materials that come in different colors can be used. The known Pel enhancer maps upstream of the stickleback Pitx1 gene . Valerie May, Woodstock Academy, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Zoo_Scavenger_Hunt : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Anatomy_Worksheets : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Cell_Biology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Chapter_6 : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Ecology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Evolution : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, Investigation: Gene Switches in Stickleback Fish, https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FLearning_Objects%2FWorksheets%2FBook%253A_The_Biology_Corner_(Worksheets)%2FEvolution%2FInvestigation%253A_Gene_Switches_in_Stickleback_Fish, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), REGULATORY SWITCHES OF THE PITX1 GENE IN STICKLEBACK FISH, PART 3: GENE REGULATION IN DIFFERENT TISSUES, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.

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