Durres Port. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. The Governor-General represented the British monarch as head of state and was appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Nigerian prime minister in consultation with the regional premiers. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. 4 Pages. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. A spokeswoman for Austria's Weltmuseum Wien acknowledges 13 of its 173 Benin Bronzes "have been linked definitively to the British invasion" though eight were acquired in the 16th century . By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. Doctrine of Lapse. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. Dike, K. O. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. At first, they lived in small family groups, but gradually these groups developed into a. In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. Other European powers acknowledged Britain's dominance over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. [35] However, the company did accept that local kings could act as partners in governance and trade. Three constitutions were enacted from 1946 to 1954. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. In 1920, portions of former German Cameroon were mandated to Britain by the League of Nations and were administered as part of Nigeria. The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. Beecroft agreed on condition that the slave trade be abolished, and British merchants have a monopoly in commodities. In large measure, European missionaries assumed the value of colonial rule in terms of promoting education, health and welfare measures, thereby effectively reinforcing colonial policy. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. The Nigerian Civil War is also known as the Nigerian-Biafran war and took place between July 1967 and January 1970. As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office. Africans come from Africa. In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. If the emirs accepted British authority, abandoned the slave trade, and cooperated with British officials in modernizing their administrations, the colonial power was willing to confirm them in office. . Nigerian delegates were selected to represent each region and to reflect various shades of opinion. The British finalized the border between Nigeria and French West Africa with the Anglo-French Convention of 1898. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. The racial discriminatory tendencies of the Europeans to Nigerians. The British captured Kano in 1903. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. With these events, the daily routines of the royal court were . [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. It was supported not only by the income from huge agricultural surpluses but also by a new range of direct and indirect taxes imposed during the 1950s. Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. Free shipping for many products! Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. 1821 - Sierra Leone, Gambia and the Gold Coast form British West Africa. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. Britain also encouraged the formation of the Muslim League of India in 1907. By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. [11][12], In 1900, the British Government assumed control of the Southern and Northern Protectorates, both of which were ultimately governed by the Colonial Office at Whitehall. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. emblemhealth medicare customer service; did cody webster play college baseball 0 Home. In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from Dahomey and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the emirate of Ilorin, the British Governorassisted by the CMSsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior. British colony and protectorate from 1914 to 1960, Contemporary photograph of the same building, now housing the, Developments in colonial policy under Clifford, Emergence of Southern Nigerian nationalism, Constitutional conferences in the UK (195758), All of this section to this point is from. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. Crowther, a liberated Yoruba slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". This led to protests known as Women's War. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. [67], The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. Uneasy with the amount of latitude allowed traditional rulers under indirect rule, Clifford opposed further extension of the judicial authority held by the northern emirs. One of the most influential monarchies in the history of England began in 1066 C.E. The Norman conquest in 1066 was the last successful conquest of England. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. In 1905, the colonial government divided Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; this division was revoked after strong protests. Developed from Mayan civilization B. acquired empires by means of military conquest C. Independently developed iron technology D. Depended entirely on oral record keeping . When direct Portuguese contacts in the region were withdrawn, however, the influence of the Catholic missionaries waned. Du Bois. British colonialism led to the spread of the English language in Africa, and many former British colonies still maintain English as an official language. . Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. The Nigeria Regiment of the RWAFF, integrating troops from the north and south, saw action against German colonial forces in Cameroon and in German East Africa. The country was divided politically, lacking European rivals, and no sense of national unity. Lagos was the first part of Nigeria to be conquered and declare a British colony in 1861. Imperialism, or the extension of one nation-state's domination or control over territory outside its own boundaries, peaked in the 19th century as European powers extended their holdings around the world. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. Rather than seeing themselves as Zulu, Xhoasa, Sotho, etc, nationalist leaders wanted Africans to view themselves as South Africans. Most of these came from military backgrounds. Most Europeans tended to overlook their own differences and were surprised and shocked that Nigerians wanted to develop new denominations independent of European control. However, development of the Nigerian oilfields slowed when Bergheim died in a car crash in September 1912. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? In May of this year, Herbert J. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1315. [19] This scenario provided an opportunity for naval expeditions and reconnaissance throughout the region. The conquest and colonization of the Nigerian territory stirring up nationalist sentiments among the few educated elements mostly foreign educated Africans and liberated slaves, and later African students in Britain. [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties. September 1996. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. Europeans come from Europe. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. In 1851 deposed king Akintoye of Lagos sought British help in restoring him to the throne. [82], Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. To . The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. Their history illustrates that rarely they had put a programme or a plan before themselves and then acted upon it. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[33]. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including H.O. PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. Facebook Instagram Email. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. Quiz. In addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also British spheres of interest.. The conference is popularly called "The Berlin Conference". The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. Thus Spain and Portugal set up colonies in Central and South America after it was discovered by Columbus. Other Protestant denominations from Great Britain, Canada, and the United States also opened missions and, in the 1860s, Roman Catholic religious orders established missions. The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. "Specifically, the Company sought to secure the cooperation of the traditional rulers in ensuring peaceful conditions for trade. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. The CMS pioneered trade on the Niger by encouraging Scottish explorer and merchant Macgregor Laird to run a monthly steamboat, which provided transportation for missionary agents and Sierra Leonean traders going up the Niger. Description. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of the regime.

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